Introduction

In this article I am going to go into detail about how .NET treats loops involving array and collection access and what kinds of optimizations you can expect. I had mentioned some of these in a previous article, but in this article, we’re going to go deep and see many more examples. We’re going to dig into the IL that gets generated as well the x64 assembly code that actually executes.

Will these optimization matter to your program? Only if your program is CPU bound and collection iteration is a core part of your processing. As you’ll see, there are ways you can hurt your performance if you’re not careful, but that only matters if it was a significant part of your program to begin with. My philosophy is this: most people never need to know this, but if you do, then understanding every layer of the system is important so that you can make intelligent choices. That’s the reason I wrote my book, Writing High-Performance .NET Code, and why I write these articles—to give you the information about what’s actually going on when you compile and execute a .NET program.

Some of this information you can read elsewhere, but I want to show you how to get at this yourself so that you don’t have to rely on someone publically coming out with this information, especially as new version of the JIT are released.

Tools I used: ILSpy to view IL, Visual Studio 2013 to debug and view assembly with .NET 4.5. I compiled the code in Release mode, targeting x64 explicitly. When debugging, don’t start with debugging from Visual Studio–that will not give you an accurate picture of your code. Instead, start the program separately and attach the debugger. I accomplish this easily by putting a call to Debugger.Launch() in the beginning of Main(), and then executing the program with Ctrl-F5.

A note on assembly. I chose x64 because it should be the default for development these days. For register names mentioned below, understand that things like eax and rax refer to the same register–rax is the 64-bit version of this register, and is essentially a sign-extended version of eax, but they both refer to the same physical location. Same with ecx/rdx, ecx/rcx, etc.

Bounds Checks

Bounds checks exist in .NET because the CLR must ensure memory safety at all times in managed code. It needs to simply be impossible for managed code to corrupt memory outside of the defined data structures. This means that code like the following cannot be allowed to execute:

int[] array = new int[100];
array[100] = 1;

Attempting to execute this should result in an exception rather than allow the memory corruption to occur. That means that the CLR has to inject bounds checking into array access. This can make repeated array access twice as slow if some optimizations aren’t done. This knowledge makes some people leery of using .NET for high-performance code, but we’ll see that the JIT compiler does indeed make these optimizations in some cases (and falls short in others). However, remember what I said in the introduction: these kinds of optimizations only matter if you’re CPU bound and this code is in your innermost, most called-upon code. That said, even if you don’t have to worry about performance on this level, knowing how to investigate these types of details is instructive.

Baseline Loop

To start, let’s take a look at the most basic of loops:

[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
private static long GetSum(int[] array)
{ 
    long sum = 0; 
    for (int i =0; i < array.Length; i++)
    { 
        sum += array[i]; 
    } 
    return sum; 
}

It simply loops through the entire array and sums all the elements. I’m explicitly disabling inlining because that can muddy the analysis a bit, and we want to focus strictly on loop optimization, not other improvements that the JIT compiler can and will do here.

In IL, this method looks like this (with my own annotations):

.method private hidebysig static 
	int64 GetSum (
		int32[] 'array'
	) cil managed noinlining
{
	// Method begins at RVA 0x20a4
	// Code size 26 (0x1a)
	.maxstack 3
	.locals init (
		[0] int64 sum,
		[1] int32 i
	)

	IL_0000: ldc.i4.0    // Push 0 onto evaluation stack as a 4-byte integer
	IL_0001: stloc.0     // Pop from evaluation stack and store into local variable at location 0, sum.
	IL_0002: ldc.i4.0    // Push 0 to evaluation stack
	IL_0003: stloc.1     // Pop and store in local variable i.
	IL_0004: br.s IL_0012     //  Jump to IL_0012 (unconditionally)
	// loop start (head: IL_0010)
		IL_0006: ldloc.0    // Push sum onto stack
		IL_0007: ldarg.0    // Push array onto stack
		IL_0008: ldloc.1    // Push i onto stack
		IL_0009: ldelem.i4  // Pop array and i off the stack and push array[i] onto the stack
		IL_000a: add        // Pop array[i] and sum off the stack, add, and push result to stack
		IL_000b: stloc.0    // Pop result off stack and store in sum
		IL_000c: ldloc.1    // Push i onto stack
		IL_000d: ldc.i4.1   // Push 1 onto stack
		IL_000e: add        // Pop i and 1 off of stack, add, and push result to stack
		IL_000f: stloc.1    // Pop result off stack and store in i

		IL_0010: ldloc.1    // Push i onto stack
		IL_0011: ldarg.0    // Push array onto stack
		IL_0012: ldlen      // Pop array off of stack, get length, and push length onto stack
		IL_0013: conv.i4    // Convert length to 4-byte integer
		IL_0014: blt.s IL_0006    // Pop i and length off of stack. If i < length, jump to IL_0006
	// end loop

	IL_0016: ldloc.0    // Push sum onto stack
	IL_0017: ret        // Return
} // end of method Program::GetSum

That looks like an awful lot of work to execute a loop. IL is a simple, stack-based language that ends up being quite verbose, but this gets translated by the JIT compiler into real machine code that takes advantage of efficient CPU instructions and registers. The resulting assembly is this:

00007FFADFCC02D0  mov         rdx,rcx                 // Copy array address to rdx
00007FFADFCC02D3  xor         ecx,ecx                 // Set ecx (sum) to 0
00007FFADFCC02D5  mov         r10,qword ptr [rdx+8]   // Copy array length to r10
00007FFADFCC02D9  test        r10d,r10d               // See if length is 0
00007FFADFCC02DC  jle         00007FFADFCC0303        // If so, skip the loop
00007FFADFCC02DE  mov         r8d,ecx                 // Copy 0 to r8 (source of ecx is not relevant)
00007FFADFCC02E1  xor         r9d,r9d                 // Set r9 to 0 (memory offset into array)
00007FFADFCC02E4  nop         word ptr [rax+rax]      // NOP
00007FFADFCC02F0  mov         eax,dword ptr [rdx+r9+10h]  // Copy array[i] to eax
00007FFADFCC02F5  add         ecx,eax                 // Add value to sum
00007FFADFCC02F7  inc         r8d                     // i++
00007FFADFCC02FA  add         r9,4                    // Increment memory address by 4 bytes
00007FFADFCC02FE  cmp         r8d,r10d                // i < length ?
00007FFADFCC0301  jl          00007FFADFCC02F0        // If so, loop back a few statements for another iteration
00007FFADFCC0303  mov         eax,ecx                 // Copy sum to return register
00007FFADFCC0305  ret                                 // Return

There are a few things to notice here:

1. The code is tracking both the index value i as well as the direct memory address of the array values, which is far more efficient than doing a multiplication and offset on every loop iteration.
2. There are no array bounds checks! This is sometimes a worry with people new to .NET—how can we maintain memory safety without boundary checks? In this case, the JIT compiler determined that the boundary checks weren’t necessary because it knew all of the constraints of this loop.

Bringing Back the Bounds Check

Now let’s introduce some variability. If instead, we pass in some boundaries to iterate through, does this change the situation?

[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
private static int GetSum(int[] array, int start, int end)
{
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = start; i < end; i++)
    {
        sum += array[i];
    }
    return sum;
}
.
.
.
// Called with:
GetSum(array, 25, 75);

The IL differences aren’t very interesting so I won’t show it, but the machine instructions definitely change:

00007FFADFCC0320  sub         rsp,28h               // Adjust stack pointer
00007FFADFCC0324  mov         r9,rcx                // Copy array address to r9
00007FFADFCC0327  xor         ecx,ecx               // Set ecx (sum) to 0
00007FFADFCC0329  cmp         edx,r8d               // edx has i in it, initialized with start (25). Compare that to r8, which has the end value (75)
00007FFADFCC032C  jge         00007FFADFCC0348      // If start >= end, skip loop.
00007FFADFCC032E  mov         r10,qword ptr [r9+8]  // Copy array length to r10
00007FFADFCC0332  movsxd      rax,edx               // Copy start to rax
00007FFADFCC0335  cmp         rax,r10               // Compare i to array length
00007FFADFCC0338  jae         00007FFADFCC0350      // If i >= length, jump to this address (below)
00007FFADFCC033A  mov         eax,dword ptr [r9+rax*4+10h]  // Copy array[i] to eax
00007FFADFCC033F  add         ecx,eax               // sum += array[i]
00007FFADFCC0341  inc         edx                   // i++
00007FFADFCC0343  cmp         edx,r8d               // Compare i to end value
00007FFADFCC0346  jl          00007FFADFCC0332      // If i < jump to beginning of loop (above)
00007FFADFCC0348  mov         eax,ecx               // Copy sum to return register
00007FFADFCC034A  add         rsp,28h               // Fix up stack pointer
00007FFADFCC034E  ret                               // Return

00007FFADFCC0350  call        00007FFB3F7E6590      // Throw an exception!

The most significant difference is that now on every single iteration of the loop, it’s comparing the array index to the length of the array, and if it goes over we’ll get an exception. With this change, we’ve doubled the running time of the loop. The bounds check is there.

So why does it do this now? Is it because we’re doing a subarray? That’s easy to test. You can modify the original function at the top of this article to iterate from 25 to 75 and you’ll see that the compiler does not insert a boundary check.

No, the reason for the boundary check in this case is because the compiler can’t prove that the input values are 100% safe.

Ok, then. What about checking the start and end variables before the loop? I suspect that quickly leads to the problem of trying to understand the code. As soon as the constraints are not constant, you have to deal with variable aliasing, side effects, and tracking the usage of each value—and that’s not really practical for a JIT compiler. Sure, in my simple method, maybe it would be easy, but the general case might be extremely difficult if not impossible.

Other Ways of Getting Bounds Checks

Even simple modifications to the indexing variable, that you can logically prove cannot exceed the array boundaries may cause the bounds check to appear:

[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
private static void Manipulate(int[] array)
{
    for (int i=0; i < array.Length; i++)
    {
        array[i] = array[i / 2];
    }
}

There is no way i / 2 can exceed array.Length, but the bounds check is still there:

00007FFADFCE03B0  sub         rsp,28h              // Adjust stack pointer  
00007FFADFCE03B4  mov         r8,qword ptr [rcx+8] // Copy array length to r8
00007FFADFCE03B8  test        r8d,r8d              // Test if length is 0
00007FFADFCE03BB  jle         00007FFADFCE03E8     // If 0, skip loop
00007FFADFCE03BD  xor         r9d,r9d              // Set i to 0
00007FFADFCE03C0  xor         r10d,r10d            // Set destination index to 0
00007FFADFCE03C3  mov         eax,r9d              // Set eax (source array index) to 0
00007FFADFCE03C6  cdq                              // sign extends eax into edx (needed for division)
00007FFADFCE03C7  sub         eax,edx              // eax = eax - edx 
00007FFADFCE03C9  sar         eax,1                // Shift right (divide by two)
00007FFADFCE03CB  movsxd      rax,eax              // copy 32-bit eax into 64-bit rax and sign extend
00007FFADFCE03CE  cmp         rax,r8               // Compare source index against array length
00007FFADFCE03D1  jae         00007FFADFCE03F0     // If greater than or equal, jump and throw exception
00007FFADFCE03D3  mov         eax,dword ptr [rcx+rax*4+10h]  // Copy value from array[i/2] to eax
00007FFADFCE03D7  mov         dword ptr [rcx+r10+10h],eax    // Copy value from eax to array[i]
            
00007FFADFCE03DC  inc         r9d                  // Increment i
00007FFADFCE03DF  add         r10,4                // Increment destination address by 4 bytes
00007FFADFCE03E3  cmp         r9d,r8d              // Compare i against array length
00007FFADFCE03E6  jl          00007FFADFCE03C3     // If less, loop again
00007FFADFCE03E8  add         rsp,28h              // Adjust stack
00007FFADFCE03EC  ret                              // return

00007FFADFCE03F0  call        00007FFB3F7E6590     // Throw exception

So even though we can prove that it’s safe, the compiler won’t.

There’s another way, that’s a bit more annoying. Remember the very first, baseline example, the one that did NOT have a bounds check. What if we had that exact code, but it operated on a static value rather than argument?

00007FFADFCE0500  mov         rax,0A42A235780h  
00007FFADFCE050A  mov         rax,qword ptr [rax]  
00007FFADFCE050D  movsxd      r9,ecx  
00007FFADFCE0510  mov         r8,qword ptr [rax+8]  
00007FFADFCE0514  cmp         r9,r8                 // bounds check!
00007FFADFCE0517  jae         00007FFADFCE0530  
00007FFADFCE0519  mov         eax,dword ptr [rax+r9*4+10h]  
00007FFADFCE051E  add         edx,eax  
00007FFADFCE0520  inc         ecx  
00007FFADFCE0522  cmp         ecx,r8d  
00007FFADFCE0525  jl          00007FFADFCE0500  
00007FFADFCE0527  mov         eax,edx  
00007FFADFCE0529  add         rsp,28h  
00007FFADFCE052D  ret  
                            
00007FFADFCE0530  call        00007FFB3F7E6590  

The bounds check is there.

Ok, so what if we’re clever and we pass the static array to our baseline method, which doesn’t know it’s static? There is no bounds check in this case–it’s exactly the same as the baseline case.

Another case where the JIT fails to optimize where it could is iterating an array backwards:

[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
private static int GetBackwardsSum(int[] array)
{
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = array.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
    {
        sum += array[i];
    }
    return sum;
}

Sad, but true–as much as this looks like the baseline example, it does not have the optimization.

Finally, consider the case of repeated access:

for (int i = 2;i < array.Length - 1; i++)
{
    int x = array[i-2];
    int y = array[i-2];
}

In this case, the compiler will emit a single bounds check that suffices for both accesses.

Using fixed to Eliminate Bounds Checks

Another way to eliminate bounds checks is to use the fixed keyword. I don’t really recommend it because it has safety and security considerations that you should definitely consider. However, if you really have a need for optimal array access with some nontrivial access pattern that would otherwise trigger a bounds check, this may work for you. In order to use fixed, you must enable unsafe code for your project.

Here are two options for using fixed to iterate through an array:

[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
unsafe private static int GetBackwardsSumFixedSubscript(int[] array)
{
    int sum = 0;
    fixed (int* p = array)
    {
        for (int i = array.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
        {
            sum += p[i];
        }
    }
    return sum;
}

[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
unsafe private static int GetBackwardsSumFixedPointer(int[] array)
{
    int sum = 0;
    fixed (int* p = &array[array.Length - 1])
    {
        int* v = p;
        for (int i = array.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
        {
            sum += *v;
            v--;
        }
    }
    return sum;
}

Either one will work, but keep in mind that unsafe really means unsafe! You can trample your memory in this method. I recommend keeping all unsafe code segregated to its own module, class, or otherwise limited scope and that it receives extra scrutiny during code reviews. You may also have to deal with organizational security issues with deploying unsafe code. If you can eliminate the bounds checking with pure managed code, strongly prefer that approach instead.

Foreach vs. For

Now, let’s shift our focus up one level of abstraction. In .NET, you can iterate over most collections with the foreach keyword. foreach is in most cases syntactic sugar for calling methods like GetEnumerator(), MoveNext(), and so forth. In this respect, it would be fair to assume that foreach has worse performance overall than a simple for or while loop.

However, that’s not quite the case. In some instances, the compiler will recognize a simple for loop on an array for what it is, regardless of the syntax used.

Foreach on Arrays

If we take our baseline loop from above and convert it to foreach, like this:

private static int GetSumForeach(int[] array)
{
    int sum = 0;
    foreach(var val in array)
    {
        sum += val;
    }
    return sum;
}

What is the generated IL in this case?

.method private hidebysig static 
	int32 GetSumForeach (
		int32[] 'array'
	) cil managed 
{
	// Method begins at RVA 0x2098
	// Code size 28 (0x1c)
	.maxstack 2
	.locals init (
		[0] int32 sum,
		[1] int32 val,
		[2] int32[] CS$6$0000,
		[3] int32 CS$7$0001
	)

	IL_0000: ldc.i4.0
	IL_0001: stloc.0
	IL_0002: ldarg.0
	IL_0003: stloc.2
	IL_0004: ldc.i4.0
	IL_0005: stloc.3
	IL_0006: br.s IL_0014
	// loop start (head: IL_0014)
		IL_0008: ldloc.2
		IL_0009: ldloc.3
		IL_000a: ldelem.i4
		IL_000b: stloc.1
		IL_000c: ldloc.0
		IL_000d: ldloc.1
		IL_000e: add
		IL_000f: stloc.0
		IL_0010: ldloc.3
		IL_0011: ldc.i4.1
		IL_0012: add
		IL_0013: stloc.3

		IL_0014: ldloc.3
		IL_0015: ldloc.2
		IL_0016: ldlen
		IL_0017: conv.i4
		IL_0018: blt.s IL_0008
	// end loop

	IL_001a: ldloc.0
	IL_001b: ret
} // end of method Program::GetSumForeach

Compare that to the IL from the baseline loop. The only difference is the presence of some additional, generated local variables to store the array and index variable. Otherwise, it looks exactly like a loop. And, in fact, the assembly code also looks exactly the same (including elimination of the bounds check):

00007FFADFCB01F0  mov         rdx,rcx  
00007FFADFCB01F3  xor         ecx,ecx  
00007FFADFCB01F5  mov         r10,qword ptr [rdx+8]  
00007FFADFCB01F9  test        r10d,r10d  
00007FFADFCB01FC  jle         00007FFADFCB0223  
00007FFADFCB01FE  mov         r8d,ecx  
00007FFADFCB0201  xor         r9d,r9d  
00007FFADFCB0204  nop         word ptr [rax+rax]  
00007FFADFCB0210  mov         eax,dword ptr [rdx+r9+10h]  
00007FFADFCB0215  add         ecx,eax  
00007FFADFCB0217  inc         r8d  
00007FFADFCB021A  add         r9,4  
00007FFADFCB021E  cmp         r8d,r10d  
00007FFADFCB0221  jl          00007FFADFCB0210  
00007FFADFCB0223  mov         eax,ecx  
00007FFADFCB0225  ret  

For loop on List<T>

Before seeing foreach operate on List<T>, we should see what for looks like:

private static int GetSumFor(List<int> array)
{
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < array.Count; i++)
    {
        sum += array[i];
    }
    return sum;
}

And the corresponding IL:

.method private hidebysig static 
	int32 GetSumFor (
		class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1 'array'
	) cil managed 
{
	// Method begins at RVA 0x20a0
	// Code size 31 (0x1f)
	.maxstack 3
	.locals init (
		[0] int32 sum,
		[1] int32 i
	)

	IL_0000: ldc.i4.0
	IL_0001: stloc.0
	IL_0002: ldc.i4.0
	IL_0003: stloc.1
	IL_0004: br.s IL_0014
	// loop start (head: IL_0014)
		IL_0006: ldloc.0
		IL_0007: ldarg.0
		IL_0008: ldloc.1
		IL_0009: callvirt instance !0 class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1::get_Item(int32)
		IL_000e: add
		IL_000f: stloc.0
		IL_0010: ldloc.1
		IL_0011: ldc.i4.1
		IL_0012: add
		IL_0013: stloc.1

		IL_0014: ldloc.1
		IL_0015: ldarg.0
		IL_0016: callvirt instance int32 class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1::get_Count()
		IL_001b: blt.s IL_0006
	// end loop

	IL_001d: ldloc.0
	IL_001e: ret
} // end of method Program::GetSumFor

It looks pretty much like the for loop on an array, but with some method calls instead of direct memory accesses to retrieve the values and the length (Count).

However, the assembly code generated from this is more interesting and shows some subtle and important differences:

00007FFADFCD0BE0  push        rbx  	// Stack frame setup
00007FFADFCD0BE1  push        rsi  
00007FFADFCD0BE2  push        rdi  
00007FFADFCD0BE3  sub         rsp,20h  
00007FFADFCD0BE7  mov         rdx,rcx    // Copy array address to rdx
00007FFADFCD0BEA  xor         ecx,ecx    // Set i to 0. i is used only for the loop condition.
00007FFADFCD0BEC  xor         r11d,r11d  // Set j to 0. j is used as the iterator on the internal array inside List
00007FFADFCD0BEF  mov         r8d,ecx    // Set sum to 0
00007FFADFCD0BF2  mov         ebx,dword ptr [rdx+18h]    // Copy length to ebx
// LOOP START
00007FFADFCD0BF5  cmp         ecx,ebx                    // Compare i to length
00007FFADFCD0BF7  jl          00007FFADFCD0C00           // if less, jump below
00007FFADFCD0BF9  mov         eax,r8d                    // else copy sum to return value
00007FFADFCD0BFC  jmp         00007FFADFCD0C26           // jump to end of function
00007FFADFCD0BFE  xchg        ax,ax                      // No-op

00007FFADFCD0C00  mov         eax,dword ptr [rdx+18h]    // Copy list's length to eax
00007FFADFCD0C03  cmp         ecx,eax                    // Compare i to length
00007FFADFCD0C05  jae         00007FFADFCD0C35           // if greater than or equal, jump and throw exception
00007FFADFCD0C07  mov         r9,qword ptr [rdx+8]       // Copy List's array address to r9
00007FFADFCD0C0B  movsxd      r10,r11d                   // Copy j  to r10 and sign extend.
00007FFADFCD0C0E  mov         rax,qword ptr [r9+8]       // Copy array's length to rax
00007FFADFCD0C12  cmp         r10,rax                    // Compare j to array' length
00007FFADFCD0C15  jae         00007FFADFCD0C30           // If greater than or equal, jump and throw exception
00007FFADFCD0C17  mov         eax,dword ptr [r9+r10*4+10h]  // copy array[j] (list[i]) to eax
00007FFADFCD0C1C  add         r8d,eax                    // sum += array[j]
00007FFADFCD0C1F  inc         ecx                        // i++
00007FFADFCD0C21  inc         r11d                       // j++
00007FFADFCD0C24  jmp         00007FFADFCD0BF5           // Jump to beginning of loop 
00007FFADFCD0C26  add         rsp,20h                    // Clean up stack
00007FFADFCD0C2A  pop         rdi  
00007FFADFCD0C2B  pop         rsi  
00007FFADFCD0C2C  pop         rbx  
00007FFADFCD0C2D  ret                                    // return

00007FFADFCD0C30  call        00007FFB3F7E6590           // Throw exception

00007FFADFCD0C35  mov         ecx,0Dh                    
00007FFADFCD0C3A  call        00007FFB3CD990F8           // Throw exception

Here’s what’s going on:

• The method calls on List<int> have been inlined away—we get direct memory access to the underlying array that List<int> maintains.
• There is an iteration on i that compares it to the length of the List<int>.
• There is a separate iteration on j (which I call j in the annotations), which compares it against the length of the internal array that List<int> wraps.
  • Failing either iteration will cause an exception to be thrown.

The duplicate iterations don’t really cause the loop to be twice as slow as a pure array would be—there is still only one memory access and every thing else is operating on registers, which is extremely efficient. But if you have the choice between arrays and List<T>, well, it’s hard to beat an array for pure efficiency.

Foreach on List<T>

Finally, let’s turn our attention to foreach on List<T>. Will the compiler (or the JIT) turn this into a straightforward for loop?

No. Here’s the IL:

.method private hidebysig static 
	int32 GetSumForeach (
		class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1 list
	) cil managed 
{
	// Method begins at RVA 0x20f4
	// Code size 50 (0x32)
	.maxstack 2
	.locals init (
		[0] int32 sum,
		[1] int32 val,
		[2] valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1/Enumerator CS$5$0000
	)

	IL_0000: ldc.i4.0
	IL_0001: stloc.0
	IL_0002: ldarg.0
	IL_0003: callvirt instance valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1/Enumerator< !0> class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1::GetEnumerator()
	IL_0008: stloc.2
	.try
	{
		IL_0009: br.s IL_0017
		// loop start (head: IL_0017)
			IL_000b: ldloca.s CS$5$0000
			IL_000d: call instance !0 valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1/Enumerator::get_Current()
			IL_0012: stloc.1
			IL_0013: ldloc.0
			IL_0014: ldloc.1
			IL_0015: add
			IL_0016: stloc.0

			IL_0017: ldloca.s CS$5$0000
			IL_0019: call instance bool valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1/Enumerator::MoveNext()
			IL_001e: brtrue.s IL_000b
		// end loop

		IL_0020: leave.s IL_0030
	} // end .try
	finally
	{
		IL_0022: ldloca.s CS$5$0000
		IL_0024: constrained. valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1/Enumerator
		IL_002a: callvirt instance void [mscorlib]System.IDisposable::Dispose()
		IL_002f: endfinally
	} // end handler

	IL_0030: ldloc.0
	IL_0031: ret
} // end of method Program::GetSumForeach

I won’t show the assembly code for this, but suffice it to say, it’s also quite different.

Foreach on (IEnumerable<T>)array

What would you expect to happen with code like this?

private static int GetSumForeach(int[] array)
{
    var collection = array as IEnumerable<int>;
    int sum = 0;
    foreach (var val in collection)
    {
        sum += val;
    }
    return sum;
}

In this case, the array optimization will be lost and you’ll get the same thing you did with foreach over List<T>.

Loop Unrolling

Loop unrolling is the practice of reducing the overhead of a loop by causing fewer iterations, but more work per iteration. For loop-heavy code, it can make a big difference.

You can do this unrolling yourself, such as with the following example:

private static int GetSum(int[] array)
{
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < array.Length-4; i+=4)
    {
        sum += array[i];
        sum += array[i+1];
        sum += array[i+2];
        sum += array[i+3];
    }
    return sum;
}

In some cases, the compiler can do this kind of optimization for you, but for loop unrolling to take place, there is one big constraint that must be obeyed: The loop constraints must be statically determinable so that the compiler can know how to modify the loop.

This is why we don’t see any loop unrolling in the assembly code for any of our previous examples. The length of the loop was always variable. What if, instead, we have something like this:

const int ArrayLength = 100;

private static int GetSum(int[] array)
{
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < ArrayLength; i++)
    {
        sum += array[i];
    }
    return sum;
}

The IL for this method looks about the same as before, but the assembly shows the optimization:

00007FFADFCE01C0  sub         rsp,28h              // Setup stack frame
00007FFADFCE01C4  mov         rdx,rcx              // Copy array address to rdx
00007FFADFCE01C7  xor         ecx,ecx              // Set sum to 0
00007FFADFCE01C9  xor         r8d,r8d              // Set address offset to 0
00007FFADFCE01CC  mov         rax,qword ptr [rdx+8]// Copy array length to rax
00007FFADFCE01D0  mov         r9d,60h              // Copy value 96 to r9
00007FFADFCE01D6  cmp         r9,rax               // Compare 96 to length
00007FFADFCE01D9  jae         00007FFADFCE0230     // If greater than or equal, jump and throw exception
00007FFADFCE01DB  mov         r9d,61h              // Copy value 97 to r9
00007FFADFCE01E1  cmp         r9,rax               // Compare to length
00007FFADFCE01E4  jae         00007FFADFCE0230     // If greater than or equal, jump and throw exception
00007FFADFCE01E6  mov         r9d,62h              // Copy value 98 to r9
00007FFADFCE01EC  cmp         r9,rax               // Compare to length
00007FFADFCE01EF  jae         00007FFADFCE0230     // If greater than or equal, jump and throw exception
00007FFADFCE01F1  mov         r9d,63h              // Copy value 99 to r9
00007FFADFCE01F7  cmp         r9,rax               // Compare to length
00007FFADFCE01FA  jae         00007FFADFCE0230     // If greater than or equal, jump and throw exception
00007FFADFCE01FC  nop         dword ptr [rax]      // Nop
// LOOP START
00007FFADFCE0200  mov         eax,dword ptr [rdx+r8+10h]  // Copy array[i] to eax
00007FFADFCE0205  add         ecx,eax                     //sum += array[i]
00007FFADFCE0207  mov         eax,dword ptr [rdx+r8+14h]  // Copy array[i+1] to eax
00007FFADFCE020C  add         ecx,eax                     // sum += array[i+1]
00007FFADFCE020E  mov         eax,dword ptr [rdx+r8+18h]  // Copy array[i+2] to eax
00007FFADFCE0213  add         ecx,eax                     // sum += array[i+2]
00007FFADFCE0215  mov         eax,dword ptr [rdx+r8+1Ch]  // Copy array[i+3] to eax
00007FFADFCE021A  add         ecx,eax                     // sum += array[i+3]
00007FFADFCE021C  add         r8,10h                      // Increment address offset by 16 bytes (4 integers)
00007FFADFCE0220  cmp         r8,190h                     // Compare address offset to 400
00007FFADFCE0227  jl          00007FFADFCE0200            // If less, loop around
00007FFADFCE0229  mov         eax,ecx                     // Copy sum to return value
00007FFADFCE022B  add         rsp,28h                     // Fix up stack
00007FFADFCE022F  ret                                     // return

00007FFADFCE0230  call        00007FFB3F7E6590            // throw exception

The basic operation of this is:

1. Check that we can safely do increments of N values and overflow the array (N being 4 in this specific case).
2. Do N operations per loop body.

As soon as you deviate from the static determinism, however, you will not be able to rely on this optimization. However, if you have special knowledge of your arrays (such as that their length is always a multiple of 4), then you can do the loop unrolling yourself in the source code.

As far as the current JIT compiler goes, you will lose this optimization if you change the array size in this example to 101. Some compilers will split this–an unrolled loop, with the leftovers tacked onto the end. The JIT compiler doesn’t do this at this time (remember, it’s under a severe time constraint).

The ultimate loop unrolling of course is just eliminating the loop altogether and listing out every operation individually. For small operations, this could be advisable–it’s just a tradeoff between code maintenance and performance that you have to make.

Summary

Understanding how small differences in code translate into more or less efficient machine code is important if you need to get the last small measure of performance on your more performance-critical components, especially if you are CPU bound.

Of all of the collections, arrays are the most efficient to access, but List<T> is very close. When iterating over arrays, you want to try to eliminate the bounds check if possible. When deciding between for and foreach, keep in mind that foreach can involve method calls for anything except pure arrays.

Understand the conditions that allow for loop unrolling. If you can formulate your code to allow it, and it makes a difference, go for it, or manually unroll loops if you get a performance gain out of it.

Most of all, figure out how to answer these types of questions for yourself so that the next time deep performance questions arise, you know how to quickly determine the answer.